{"id":22544,"date":"2021-05-04T11:34:26","date_gmt":"2021-05-04T17:34:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/?p=22544"},"modified":"2021-05-04T11:45:52","modified_gmt":"2021-05-04T17:45:52","slug":"la-precision-de-un-reloj-depende-de-la-entropia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/ciencia\/la-precision-de-un-reloj-depende-de-la-entropia\/","title":{"rendered":"La precisi\u00f3n de un reloj depende de la entrop\u00eda"},"content":{"rendered":"

Una nueva investigaci\u00f3n ha comprobado que la exactitud de los relojes at\u00f3micos, estrechamente relacionada con la entrop\u00eda, se produce tambi\u00e9n en los relojes cl\u00e1sicos.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Todo sistema organizado tiende al desorden o entrop\u00eda: eso significa que, a medida que pasa el tiempo, cualquier sistema se vuelve m\u00e1s desordenado o ca\u00f3tico.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>entrop\u00eda<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u00a0se asimila con la flecha del tiempo y marca la irreversibilidad de los procesos f\u00edsicos: podemos romper un huevo y batirlo, pero ese desorden que hemos creado no podemos recomponerlo y poner el huevo dentro de su c\u00e1scara despu\u00e9s de batido.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Esta limitaci\u00f3n nos ha llevado a lo largo de la historia a desarrollar tecnolog\u00edas para atrapar el tiempo, primero con relojes de arena, luego con relojes de agua e incluso relojes de sol.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00e1s modernamente hemos creado los relojes mec\u00e1nicos, los de cuarzo (el 90% de los actuales) e incluso los at\u00f3micos, basados \u200b\u200ben la medici\u00f3n de una resonancia de los \u00e1tomos para establecer la mayor precisi\u00f3n que hemos alcanzado en la medida del paso del tiempo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00bfPodemos medir el tiempo?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Pero la entrop\u00eda asociada al paso del tiempo plantea una cuesti\u00f3n interesante: si los relojes est\u00e1n sujetos a la entrop\u00eda, \u00bfen qu\u00e9 medida podemos fiarnos de c\u00f3mo miden el tiempo?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Una nueva investigaci\u00f3n, liderada por Anna Pearson, del Cambridge Quantum Computing \u00b7 QNLP, ha comprobado que la precisi\u00f3n de todos los relojes est\u00e1 relacionada con la entrop\u00eda que genera, lo que significa que existe un v\u00ednculo entre el paso del tiempo y su medici\u00f3n.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En un art\u00edculo publicado en la revista Physical Review X, los autores de esta investigaci\u00f3n se\u00f1alan que todos los relojes, de una forma u otra, utilizan la evoluci\u00f3n de la naturaleza hacia estados de mayor entrop\u00eda para cuantificar el paso del tiempo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00f1aden que, debido a la naturaleza estad\u00edstica de la segunda ley de la termodin\u00e1mica y los flujos de la entrop\u00eda, esas fluctuaciones est\u00e1n implicadas en el rendimiento de cualquier reloj.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Esto sugiere una profunda relaci\u00f3n entre el aumento de la entrop\u00eda y la calidad del tic-tac del reloj, afirman categ\u00f3ricamente.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Entrop\u00eda y precisi\u00f3n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Y van incluso m\u00e1s lejos: tomando como referencia los relojes at\u00f3micos, en los que cada bit de entrop\u00eda aumenta linealmente su precisi\u00f3n, descubrieron que los relojes cl\u00e1sicos aprendieron tambi\u00e9n su precisi\u00f3n a medida que crece la entrop\u00eda generada por la medici\u00f3n del tiempo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Demostraron te\u00f3ricamente que la m\u00e1xima precisi\u00f3n posible para un reloj cl\u00e1sico es proporcional a la entrop\u00eda creada por cada tic-tac, similar al l\u00edmite conocido para un reloj cu\u00e1ntico.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En su investigaci\u00f3n midieron tanto la precisi\u00f3n como la entrop\u00eda mediante un experimento relativamente sencillo. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Usaron una membrana muy delgada y de solo 1,5 mil\u00edmetros a la que colgaron de dos postes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La membrana funcionaba como un reloj: su cometido era medir el paso del tiempo. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Una se\u00f1al el\u00e9ctrica enviada a intervalos de tiempo regulares, similares a los del tic-tac de un reloj, mov\u00eda la membrana hacia arriba y hacia abajo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Precisi\u00f3n y calor<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Una antena registr\u00f3 ese movimiento y determin\u00f3 algo curioso: cuanto m\u00e1s intensa era la se\u00f1al el\u00e9ctrica, mayor era la precisi\u00f3n que marcaba ese original reloj. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Adem\u00e1s, una mayor precisi\u00f3n, mayor entrop\u00eda, derivada del calor producido en el circuito que permite medir el paso del tiempo.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Los investigadores consideran que lo mismo que pasa cuando medimos el tiempo a escala cu\u00e1ntica, ocurre tambi\u00e9n cuando intentamos atrapar el tiempo con sistemas f\u00edsicos cl\u00e1sicos: el entrop\u00eda es determinante para la precisi\u00f3n.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En cualquier caso, no se puede generalizar: el reloj usado en el experimento no equivale a cualquier reloj posible que mida el tiempo, por lo que hay que ser prudentes respecto a establecer que el tiempo se mide siempre con la misma precisi\u00f3n en el mundo cu\u00e1ntico y en el cl\u00e1sico, en funci\u00f3n de la entrop\u00eda que genera la medici\u00f3n.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Referencia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Una nueva investigaci\u00f3n ha comprobado que la exactitud de los relojes at\u00f3micos, estrechamente relacionada con la entrop\u00eda, se produce tambi\u00e9n en los relojes cl\u00e1sicos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[56],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencia"],"yoast_head":"\nLa precisi\u00f3n de un reloj depende de la entrop\u00eda - Observatorio Tecnol\u00f3gico de Hidalgo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/ciencia\/la-precision-de-un-reloj-depende-de-la-entropia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La precisi\u00f3n de un reloj depende de la entrop\u00eda - 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Medici\u00f3n del costo termodin\u00e1mico del cronometraje<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> . <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>AN Pearson y col. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Phys. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Rev. X (Documento aceptado).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"