{"id":28580,"date":"2023-03-15T10:40:38","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T16:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/?p=28580"},"modified":"2023-03-15T10:40:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T16:40:38","slug":"biocomputing-with-mini-brains-as-processors-could-be-more-powerful-than-silicon-based-ai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/ia\/biocomputing-with-mini-brains-as-processors-could-be-more-powerful-than-silicon-based-ai\/","title":{"rendered":"Biocomputing With Mini-Brains as Processors Could Be More Powerful Than Silicon-Based AI"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The human brain is a master of computation. It\u2019s no wonder that from brain-inspired algorithms to neuromorphic chips, scientists are borrowing the brain\u2019s playbook to give machines a boost.<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Yet the results\u2014in both software and hardware\u2014only capture a fraction of the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2021\/09\/12\/new-study-finds-a-single-neuron-is-a-surprisingly-complex-little-computer\">computational intricacies embedded in neurons<\/a>. But perhaps the major roadblock in building brain-like computers is that we still don\u2019t fully understand how the brain works. For example, how does its architecture\u2014defined by pre-established layers, regions, and ever-changing neural circuits\u2014make sense of our chaotic world with high efficiency and low energy usage?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">So why not sidestep this conundrum and use neural tissue directly as a biocomputer?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This month, a team from Johns Hopkins University\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/science\/articles\/10.3389\/fsci.2023.1017235\">laid out a daring blueprint<\/a>\u00a0for a new field of computing: organoid intelligence (OI). Don\u2019t worry\u2014they\u2019re not talking about using living human brain tissue hooked up to wires in jars. Rather, as in the name, the focus is on a surrogate: brain organoids, better known as \u201cmini-brains.\u201d These pea-sized nuggets roughly resemble the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2019\/09\/08\/lab-grown-minibrains-show-activity-similar-to-babies-brains\/\">early fetal<\/a>\u00a0human brain in their gene expression, wide variety of brain cells, and organization. Their neural circuits spark with spontaneous activity,\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31474560\/\">ripple with brain waves<\/a>, and can even detect light and\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2021\/01\/12\/meet-assembloids-mini-human-brains-with-muscles-attached\/\">control muscle movement<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In essence, brain organoids are highly-developed processors that duplicate the brain to a limited degree. Theoretically, different types of mini-brains could be hooked up to digital sensors and output devices\u2014not unlike brain-machine interfaces, but as a circuit outside the body. In the long term, they may connect to each other in a super biocomputer trained using biofeedback and machine learning methods to enable \u201cintelligence in a dish.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Sound a bit creepy? I agree. Scientists have long debated where to draw the line; that is, when the mini-brain becomes too similar to a human one, with the hypothetical nightmare scenario of the nuggets developing consciousness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The team is well aware. As part of organoid intelligence, they highlight the need for \u201cembedded ethics,\u201d with a consortium of scientists, bioethicists, and the public weighing in throughout development. But to senior author Dr. Thomas Hartung, the time for launching organoid intelligence research is now.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cBiological computing (or biocomputing) could be faster, more efficient, and more powerful than silicon-based computing and AI, and only require a fraction of the energy,\u201d the team wrote.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Organoid intelligence: a new biocomputing frontier\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Dgihhl2SR20?feature=oembed\" width=\"100%\" height=\"392\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A Brainy Solution<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Using brain tissue as computational hardware may seem bizarre, but there\u2019ve been previous pioneers. In 2022, the Australian company\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/corticallabs.com\/\">Cortical Labs<\/a>\u00a0taught hundreds of thousands of isolated neurons in a dish\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2022\/10\/18\/neurons-in-a-dish-learned-to-play-pong-in-virtual-reality\/\">to play Pong<\/a>\u00a0inside a virtual environment. The neurons connected with silicon chips powered by deep learning algorithms into a \u201csynthetic biological intelligence platform\u201d that captured basic neurobiological signs of learning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here, the team took the idea a step further. If isolated neurons could already support a rudimentary form of biocomputing, what about 3D mini-brains?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Since their debut a decade ago, mini-brains have become darlings for examining neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and testing new drug treatments. Often grown from a patient\u2019s skin cells\u2014transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)\u2014the organoids are especially powerful for mimicking a person\u2019s genetic makeup, including their neural wiring. More recently, human organoids\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2023\/02\/07\/human-mini-brains-grafted-into-injured-rats-restored-their-sight\/\">partially restored<\/a>\u00a0damaged vision in rats after integrating with their host neurons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In other words, mini-brains are already building blocks for a plug-and-play biocomputing system that readily connects with biological brains. So why not leverage them as processors for a computer? \u201cThe question is: can we learn from and harness the computing capacity of these organoids?\u201d the team asked.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A Hefty Blueprint<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Last year, a group of biocomputing experts united in the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/science\/articles\/10.3389\/fsci.2023.1068159\">first organoid intelligence workshop<\/a>\u00a0in an effort to form a community tackling the use and implications of mini-brains as biocomputers. The overarching theme, consolidated into \u201cthe Baltimore declaration,\u201d was collaboration. A mini-brain system needs several components: devices to detect input, the processor, and a readable output.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the new paper, Hartung envisions four trajectories to accelerate organoid intelligence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The first focuses on the critical component: the mini-brain. Although densely packed with brain cells that support learning and memory, organoids are still difficult to culture on a large scale. An early key aim, explained the authors, is scaling up.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Microfluidic systems, which act as \u201cnurseries,\u201d also need to improve. These high-tech bubble baths provide nutrients and oxygen to keep burgeoning mini-brains alive and healthy while removing toxic waste, giving them time to mature. The same system can also pump neurotransmitters\u2014molecules that bridge communication between neurons\u2014into specific regions to modify their growth and behavior.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Scientists can then monitor growth trajectories using a variety of electrodes. Although most are currently tailored for 2D systems, the team and others are leveling up with 3D interfaces specifically designed for organoids, inspired by EEG (electroencephalogram) caps with multiple electrodes placed in a spherical shape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Then comes the decoding of signals. The second trajectory is all about deciphering the whens and wheres of neural activity inside the mini-brains. When zapped with certain electrical patterns\u2014for example, those that encourage the neurons to play Pong\u2014do they output the expected results?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It\u2019s another hard task; learning changes neural circuits on multiple levels. So what to measure? The team suggests digging into multiple levels, including altered gene expression in neurons and how they connect into neural networks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here is where AI and collaboration can make a splash. Biological neural networks are noisy, so multiple trials are needed before \u201clearning\u201d becomes apparent\u2014in turn generating a deluge of data. To the team, machine learning is the perfect tool to extract how different inputs, processed by the mini-brain, transform into outputs. Similar to large-scale neuroscience projects such as the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2020\/01\/28\/decoding-the-brain-goes-global-with-the-international-brain-initiative\/\">BRAIN Initiative<\/a>, scientists can share their organoid intelligence research in a community workspace for global collaborations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Trajectory three is further in the future. With efficient and long-lasting mini-brains and measuring tools in hand, it\u2019s possible to test more complex inputs and see how the stimulation feeds back into the biological processor. For example, does it make its computation more efficient? Different types of organoids\u2014say, those that resemble the cortex and the retina\u2014can be interconnected to build more complex forms of organoid intelligence. These could help \u201cempirically test, explore, and further develop neurocomputational theories of intelligence,\u201d the authors wrote.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Intelligence on Demand?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The fourth trajectory is the one that underlines the entire project: the ethics of using mini-brains for biocomputing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As brain organoids increasingly resemble the brain\u2014so much so that they can\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2023\/02\/07\/human-mini-brains-grafted-into-injured-rats-restored-their-sight\/\">integrate and partially restore<\/a>\u00a0a rodent\u2019s injured visual system\u2014scientists are asking if they may gain a sort of awareness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To be clear, there is no evidence that mini-brains are conscious. But \u201cthese concerns will mount during the development of organoid intelligence, as the organoids become structurally more complex, receive inputs, generate outputs, and\u2014at least theoretically\u2014process information about their environment and build a primitive memory,\u201d the authors said. However, the goal of organoid intelligence isn\u2019t to recreate human consciousness\u2014rather, it\u2019s to mimic the brain\u2019s computational functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The mini-brain processor is hardly the only ethical concern. Another is cell donation. Because mini-brains retain their donor\u2019s genetic makeup, there\u2019s a chance of selection bias and limitation on neurodiversity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Then there\u2019s the problem of informed consent.\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hopkinsmedicine.org\/henriettalacks\/immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks.html\">As history with the famous cancer cell line HeLa cells has shown<\/a>, cell donation can have multi-generational impacts. \u201cWhat does the organoid exhibit about the cell donor?\u201d the authors asked. Will researchers have an obligation to inform the donor if they discover neurological disorders during their research?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">To navigate the \u201ctruly uncharted territory,\u201d the team proposes an embedded ethics approach. At each step, bioethicists will collaborate with research teams to map out potential issues iteratively while gathering public opinions. The strategy is similar to other controversial topics, such as\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2022\/03\/17\/americans-are-closely-divided-over-editing-a-babys-genes-to-reduce-serious-health-risk\/\">genetic editing in humans<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">A mini-brain-powered computer is years away. \u201cIt will take decades before we achieve the goal of something comparable to any type of computer,\u201d said Hartung. But it\u2019s time to start\u2014launching the program, consolidating multiple technologies across fields, and engaging in ethical discussions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cUltimately, we aim toward a revolution in biological computing that could overcome many of the limitations of silicon-based computing and AI and have significant implications worldwide,\u201d the team said.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Image Credit:\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/hub.jhu.edu\/2023\/02\/28\/organoid-intelligence-biocomputers\/\">Jesse Plotkin\/Johns Hopkins University<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Fan, S. (2023c, marzo 7). <i>Biocomputing With Mini-Brains as Processors Could Be More Powerful Than Silicon-Based AI<\/i>. Singularity Hub. https:\/\/singularityhub.com\/2023\/03\/07\/biocomputing-with-mini-brains-as-processors-could-be-more-powerful-than-ai\/<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The human brain is a master of computation. It\u2019s no wonder that from brain-inspired algorithms to neuromorphic chips, scientists are borrowing the brain\u2019s playbook to give machines a boost.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28581,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[361],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ia"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biocomputing With Mini-Brains as Processors Could Be More Powerful Than Silicon-Based AI - Observatorio Tecnol\u00f3gico de Hidalgo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otech.uaeh.edu.mx\/noti\/ia\/biocomputing-with-mini-brains-as-processors-could-be-more-powerful-than-silicon-based-ai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biocomputing With Mini-Brains as Processors Could Be More Powerful Than Silicon-Based AI - Observatorio Tecnol\u00f3gico de Hidalgo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The human brain is a master of computation. 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